1) What are the different types
of ADHD medications?
Though
there are different names associated with ADHD medications such as Methylphenidate, Dexmethylphenidate,
Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine, Dextroamphetamine, and Lisdexafetamine (UMMC),
they are all essentially psychostimulants. The irony of ADHD medications is
that they actually stimulate the central nervous system; however, in the case
of those with ADHD, they act as a palliative agent.
It is important to
address the side effects associated with psychostimulants. These may include a
lack of appetite, pain within the abdominal region, headaches, and general
insomnia; however, further consequences could include ‘jerks’ and ‘ticks’
(UMMC). Given the varied age and size of those afflicted with the onset of this
condition, it is always important to monitor the effects of the medication.
Therefore, adjustments can be made as negative outcomes appear.
2) What is one type of medical
intervention that you believe is most efficient?
In
the case of ADHD, the underlying cause of the condition is structural (which we will discuss specifically in
question 4). However, considering the limited physical adaptation possible to
the brain, chemical therapies are the next best option. Thus, by beginning
treatments emphasizing specific chemical imbalances within the brain, further
therapies including, behavioral and social modifications, could prove useful.
3) Explain the symptoms one may
have if diagnosed with ADHD?
In order to
properly discuss the symptoms associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder, one must first clarify the various categories of ADHD—the first is
‘Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, the second is the ‘Predominately
Inattentive Type’, and the third is the ‘Combined Type’. Symptoms associated
with the ‘Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type include fidgeting, social
difficulties, excessive talking, leaving ones seat, speaking out of turn,
difficulties taking turns, and interruptions. The ‘Predominately Inattentive
Type’, reveals itself in a lack of attention, not being able to follow through
on activities and directions, poor organizational skills, being easily
distracted, and generally forgetful. The third and most common, the ‘Combined
Type’, is a combination of the previous two types (Turnbull, pgs. 213&214).
4) Name the causes of ADHD.
As
mentioned in question two, ADHD is a chemical and structural issue. A person
with ADHD’s prefrontal cortex, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and
the cerebellum (UMMC) developed differently and consequently resulted in
various chemical balances within the neurotransmitters. Specifically affecting
the output of dopamine and norepinephrine, the ‘roadways’ that carry these
chemicals may be influenced by a deficient supply of glutamine and GABA.
Further research suggests that corrections in these levels may hold promising
results in the treatment of ADHD.
5) What type of medical
intervention do you feel is least efficient?
In
my opinion, one must remember that ADHD is a based in a structural abnormality
in the brain. Consequently, as an initial course-of-action, psycho-social therapies
would prove to be the least effective for obvious reasons. It is important to
note that psycho-social treatments may prove useful later in treatment;
however, the true cause of ADHD cannot be addressed until the chemical
contingency associated with the onset of the disability is considered.
Additional
information regarding ADHD was obtained through the University of Maryland
Medical Center at http://umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder
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